Capital structure and approaches to capital structure

Capital mental synthesis and bettermentes to groovy bodily buildingIt is defined as the mix or hint of a strongs permanent long-term financing represented by debt, penchant banal, and common stock law.Capital bodily twist possibleness suggests that satisfyings determine what is very much referred to as a target debt balance, which is based on various tradeoffs surrounded by the exists and benefits of debt versus uprightness.The term outstanding building refers to the role of bang-up ( specie) at work in a note by display case. Broadly speaking, on that point argon deuce forms of large(p) equity not bad(p) and debt upper-case letter. Each has its witness benefits and drawbacks and a substantial part of wise corpo straddle stewardship and management is attempting to visit the perfect nifty structure in footing of try / returns deliveroff for sh ar reigners. This is received for Fortune 500 companies and for sm any(prenominal) business haveers onerous to determine how much of their startup money should come from a cuss loan without endangering the businessLets look at each in full stopEquity CapitalThis refers to money put up and owned by the shargonholders (owners). Typically, equity peachy consists of dickens types 1) contri thoed seat of government, which is the money that was originally invested in the business in ex sort for sh atomic subject 18s of stock or ownership and 2)retained shekels, which represents boodle from past years that af fuddled been kept by the company and apply to strengthen thebalance sheetor fund produce, acquisitions, or expansion.many conduct equity chief city to be the approximately expensive type of great(p) a company place utilize because its follow is the fade the unassailable must earn to attract investment. A speculative dig company that is looking for silver in a remote character of Africa may require a much high(prenominal) proceeds on equityto get investors to purchase the stock than a firm much(prenominal) as Procter Gamble, which swops everything from toothpaste and shampoo to detergent and beauty products.Debt CapitalThe debt not bad(p) in a companys dandy structure refers to borrowed money that is at work in the business. The safest type is generally considered long-term bondsbecause the company has years, if not decades, to come up with the principal, while pay offing affair totally in the meantime. early(a) types of debt capital crowd out include short-term commercial paper utilized by giants such(prenominal) as Wal-Mart and General Electric that amount to billions of dollars in 24-hour loans from the capital foodstuffs to meet day-to-day working capital requirements such as payroll departmentand utility bills. The address of debt capital in the capital structure seems on the health of the companys balance sheet a triple AAA straddled firm is going to be able to borrow at extremely grim sites versus a speculative co mpany with tons of debt, which may grow to pay 15% or to a greater extent in ex replace for debt capital.Other Forms of CapitalThere are actually other forms of capital, such asvendor financingwhere a company fire sell goods earlier they induct to pay the bill to the vendor, that can drastically add-on surrender on equity but dont be the company anything. This was one of the secrets tosurface-to-air missile Waltons success at Wal-Mart. He was often able to sell run detergent forwards having to pay the bill to Procter Gamble, in force-out, using PGs money to grow his retailer. In the case of an insurance company, the policyholder float represents money that doesnt run to the firm but that it gets to use and earn an investment on until it has to pay it out for accidents or medical bills, in the case of an auto insurer. The toll of other forms of capital in the capital structure varies outstandingly on a case-by-case basis and often comes down to the talent and sepa loca lize of managers.SEEKING THE OPTIMAL CAPITAL STRUCTUREMany middle track individuals believe that the goal in life is to be debt-free. When you reach the upper echelons of finance, however, that idea is almost anathema. Many of the most fortunate companies in the cosmos base their capital structure on one simple regard the damage of capital. If you can borrow money at 7% for 30 years in a world of 3% inflation and reinvest it in core operations at 15%, you would be wise to consider at least 40% to 50% in debt capital in your boilersuit capital structure.Of course, how much debt you repel on comes down to how near the revenues your business generates are if you sell an indispensable product that people plain must nourish, the debt forget be much lower risk than if you live on a theme park in a tourist townspeople at the height of a boom market placeplace. Again, this is where managerial talent, experience, and wisdom comes into play. The great managers have a knack for c onsistently lowering theirweighted intermediate represent of capitalby increasing productivity, seeking out higher return products, and more.To truly understand the idea of capital structure, you need to piddle a few moments to read Return on Equity The DuPont ensampleto understand how the capital structure represents one of the three components in determine therate of returna company will earn on the money its owners have invested in it. Whether you own a doughnut workshop or are considering investing in publicly traded stocks, its drive inledge you barely must have.Question on our minds Can the make out valuation of a company (debt+equity) and the exist of capital be affected by ever-changing the financing mix. The imperfections in the market play a vital billet in the valuation of a company. This data is of utmost importance to the suppliers of capital. Changes in the financing mix are imitation to occur by put out debt and repurchasing common stock or by issuing commo n stock and retiring debt.Example 1. Assume a company whose simoleons are not anticipate to grow and which pays out all of its earnings to its per centumholders in the form of dividends. All kinds of market imperfections are not considered in the flow rate example, for simplicity in calculations.We are concerned mainly with 3 diverse rates of return. The first isThe yield on companys debt, ki = =The second rate of return that we are concerned with iske = =With our assumptions that the firms earnings are not expected to grow and which has a 100 percent dividend payout, the firms earning per price represents the market rate of discount that equates the present economic value of the perpetual stream of expected uniform future dividends with the current market price of the common stock.The third rate to be deliberate isko = =These 3 diametrical rates of return affect the amount of pecuniary supplement, which is the debt to equity ratio.ko is defined as the general capitaliza tion rate of the firm. It is determinationed as the weighted intermediate court of capital, and can as well be expressed asko = ki + ke Calculating A Companys Capital StructureReview your companys most recent financial statements to find all of the capital components. Highlight all of the debt of the company and the equity (including common and preferred make outs, capital contributions and retained earnings). conduce up the total debt and equity It will be equal to your companys assets on the balance sheet because the debt and equity is what paid for those assets.Your capital structure is the percentage that each funding source represents of your companys total funding. Lets look at an example. Lets declare you have the following capital components bank loan $176,500, retained earnings $54,300, common stock $12,500. That makes your total capital $243,300. To calculate your capital structure, waste the dollar amount of each capital source and divide it by the total capital. In the above example, the bank loan is 72.5%, retained earnings 22.3%, capital stock 5.2% for a total of 100%.Monitor your companys capital structure all over time. Debt tends to be the most expensive source of capital and, over time, you will determine the most effective blend of debt versus equity financing for your particular situation. Calculating your actual capital structure will allow you to track how closely you are following your ideal capital structure.Factors Affecting Capital StructureThe factors that affect the decisions taken regarding capital structure can be change integrity into three major typesInternal Factors outdoor(a) FactorsGeneral FactorsINTERNAL FACTORS live of CapitalThe cost of capital is the cost of the companys property. It consists of debts and equity. When a company raises funds for its operations there are plastered costs compound. When decisions regarding the capital structure are taken, managers ensure that the earnings on the capital are more than this cost of capital. In general, the cost of acquire capital is less than the cost of equity capital. This is because the interest rate on loans and borrowings is less than the dividend rates and also the dividends are a function of the companys wampum and not expenditure.Risk FactorWhen decisions regarding capital structure are to be taken, the risk factors considerations are an important issue. If company raises its funds through debts, the risks involved are of two typesThe company has to repay the lenders in a improve time period and at a fixed rate, whether or not the company makes derive or goes into loss.The borrowed capital is secured capital. Hence, if the company fails to make the payments, the lenders can take possession of the companys assets.If the company goes for funds through equity capital there are minimum risks. As the dividends are an appropriation of the companys profits, if it does not make any profit, it is not obliged to make the payments. In demar cation to debt capital, here the company is not expected to repay its equity capital. And also the equity capital is not secured.Control FactorWhen additional funds are to be raised, the obligate factors are very essential in deciding the capital structure of the company. When a company decides to issue bring forward equity shares the control of the company may be at stake. Hence, it may not be acceptable to its shareholders and owners. This factor is not vital in case of debt financing, except when financing institutions stipulate the appointment of nominee directors in the Board of Directors of the company.Objects of Capital Structure PlanningThey are-Maximize profit of the owners consequent transferable securitiesIssue further securities in a way that does not dilute the holdings of the present ownersEXTERNAL FACTORSGeneral Economic Conditions If the economy is in the state of depression, equity funding is considered as it involves less risk. While, if the economy is sound and the interest rates are forecasted to fall, debt funding is given preference.Interest wander Levels If the interest rates are high in the capital market, equity funding is preferred until the interest rate directs fall down.Policy of change Institutions If the terms and policies of the financing institutions are rigid and harsh, debt financing should be unheeded and equity financing should be tapped.Taxation Policy The regimen has tax policies which include merged taxes as well as individual taxes. The government includes individual taxes on both borrowings as well as dividends. similarly income tax deductions are offered on interests paid on borrowings. All these factors have to be considered while cookery capital structure.Statutory Risks While planning Capital Structure, the statutory risks given by the Government and other statutes are to be considered.GENERAL FACTORSConstitution of the company If the company is private seted, the control factors are essential while if the company is public limited, the cost factors are essential.Characteristics of the company Companies which are small and in the early detail have weak credit standings and bargaining capacity, indeed they have to rely on equity financing. While big companies have strong credit standings and they can source their funds from borrowings with acceptable interest rates.Stability of earnings The companies which have stable earnings and the risks involved are less, go for debt funding as they can batchle the high risk factors. While companies whose earnings are forecasted to be fluctuating, usually go for less godforsaken equity funding. lieu of the Management For a company with conservative management, the control factor is more important, while a company with a liberal management considers the cost factors to be more important. cash advancees to Capital Structure winnings operating(a) Income coverion conventional onslaught pay Income draw nearModigliani Miller ApproachNet ru n Income ApproachDavid Durand proposed the simoleons income approach to capital structure. This approach looks at the consequence of alterations in capital structure in terms of scratch operating income. Under this approach, on the basis of kale operating income, the overall value of the firm is measured. Therefore this approach is identified as net operating income approach.The NOI approach entails thatLargely the value of the firm does not depend on the degree of leverage in capital structure and hence whatever may be the change in capital structure the overall value of the firm is not affected.In the same way, the overall cost of capital is not affected by any change in the degree of leverage in capital structure. The overall cost of capital is independent of leverage.Under the net income approach, the overall cost of capital is unaffected and dust constant irrespective of the change in the ratio of debts to equity capital when the cost of debt is less than that of equity cap ital whereas it is assumed the overall cost of capital must decrease with the outgrowth in debts. How is this assumption justified? With the increase in the amount of debts the degree of risk of business increases. As a result the rate of equity over investment in equity shares thus on one hand the WACC decreases with the increase in the amount of debts on the other hand cost of equity capital increases to the same tune. Therefore the benefit of leverage is mopped forth and the overall cost of capital remains at the same level.In other words there are two parts of the cost of capital.Interest charges on debentures.The increase in the rate of equity capitalization resulting from the increase in risk of business due to higher level of debts.OPTIMUM CAPITAL STRUCTUREThis approach suggests that whatever the degree of financial obligation of the company, market value remains constant. Despite the change in the ratio of debt to capital in the market value of its equity shares remains c onstant. This instrument that there is no optimal capital structure. Each capital structure is optimal in approach of net operating incomeThe market value of the firm is determined as followsThe value of equity can be determined by the following equationandThe Net Operating Income Approach is based on the following assumptionsExampleABC Ltd., is expecting an earnings before interest tax of Rs.1,80,00,000 and belongs to risk pattern of 10%. You are inevitable to find out the value of firm % cost of equity capital if it employs 8% debt to the extent of 20%, 35% or 50% of the total financial requirement of Rs. 90000000.SolutionStatement showing value of firm and cost of equity capital20% Debt35% Debt50% Debt wage before interest tax EBIT ($)180000001800000018000000 boilers suit cost of capital10%10%10%Value of firm (V) =EBIT cost of CapitalEBIT/Cost of Capital180000000180000000180000000Value of 8% debt (D)18000000 (20% - 90000000)31500000 (35% - 90000000)45000000 (50% - 90000000) Value of equity (V D)162000000148500000135000000Net profit (EBIT Interest)16560000 (18000000 1440000)15480000 (18000000 2520000)14400000 (18000000 3600000)(Cost of equity (Kc)10.22%10.42%10.66%(Net profit/value of equity) - 100(16560000/ 162000000)( 15480000/ 148500000)( 14400000/ 135000000)It is apparent from the above tally that the overall cost of capital value of firm re-constant at different levels of debt i.e., at 20%, 35% and 50%. The benefit of debt content is depart by increase in the cost of equity. The overall cost of capital (k0) remains constant and can be verified as followsOverall Cost of Capital k0 = kd (D/D+S) + Ke (S/D+S)20% DebtK0 = $4,00,000/$40,00,000 -8% + $36,00,000/$40,00,000 X 10.22%= 0.008 + 0.092= 0.10 or 10%35% DebtK0 = $7,00,000/$40,00,000 -8% + $33,00,000/$40,00,000 X 10.42%= 0.014 + 0.0859= 0.0999Or 10%50% DebtK0 = $10,00,000/$40,00,000 - 8% + $30,00,000/$40,00,000 X 10.66%= 0.02 + 0.07995= 0.0995 or 10%Traditional ApproachTraditional approach is amiddle-way approach between net operating income approach the net income approach. According to this approach(1) A bestcapital structuredoes exist.(2) commercialize value of the firm can be increase and clean cost of capital can be reduced through a wise manipulation of leverage.(3) The cost of debt capital increases if debts are increases beyond a clear limit. This is because the greater the riskof businessthe higher therate of interestthe creditors would affect for.The rate of equity capitalization will also increase with it. and so there remains no benefit of leverage when debts are increased beyond a certain limit. The cost of capital also goes up.Traditional ApproachThus at a definite level of mixing of debts to equity capital, average cost of capital also increases. Thecapital structureis optimum at this level of the mix of debts to equity capital.The effect of change incapital structureon the overall cost of capital can be divided into three stages as followsFirst stageIn the first stage the overall cost of capital move and the value of the firm increases with the increase in leverage. This leverage has beneficial effect as debts as debts are less expensive. The cost of equity remains constant or increases negligibly. The proportion of risk is less in such a firm.Second stageA stage is reached when increase in leverage has no effect on the value or the cost of capital, of the firm. Neither the cost of capital falls nor the value of the firm rises. This is because the increase in the cost of equity due to the assed financial risk offsets the advantage of low cost debt. This is the stage wherein the value of the firm is maximum and cost of capital minimum.Third stageBeyond a definite limit of leverage the cost of capital increases with leverage and the value of the firm decreases with leverage. This is because with the increase in debts investors begin to realize the degree of financial risk and hence they desire to earn a higher rate of retu rn on equity shares. The resultant increase in equity capitalization rate will more than offset the advantage of low-cost debt.It follows that the cost of capital is a function of the degree of leverage. Hence, an optimumcapital structurecan be achieved by establishing an appropriate degree of leverage incapital structure.Net Income ApproachThis approach states that, the cost of debt and the cost of equity do not change with a change in the leverage ratio(when D/E changes), due to which it is observed that there is a weakening in the cost of capital as the leverage increases. The cost of capitalcan be calculated by the use Net income approach weighted average of cost of capitalcan be explained by the following equationhttp//lh6.ggpht.com/cemismailsezer/R4_ZkNJ-ThI/AAAAAAAAADY/RZYaGVynnUw/image%5B5%5DwhereKo average cost of capitalKd cost of debtKe cost of equityB market value of debtS market value of equityAs we know that cost of debt is less than cost of equity (Kdhttp//lh6.ggpht.c om/cemismailsezer/R4_ZlNJ-TjI/AAAAAAAAADo/de5aDk2tbUo/image%5B8%5DThe Net Income Approach assembles the investment structure of the firm which has a major influence on the value of the firm. Therefore, the use of control will change both the value of the organisation cost of capital. Net Income is exploited in approaching the market value that firm possesses. In this analysis Ka decreases when the D/E ratio increases as the proportion of debt, cheaper source of finance, increase in the capital structure vice versa.Assumptions of net income approachthe perception of risk is not alter by the use of liability for the investors as a result, the equity capitalization rate i.e. ke, and the debt capitalisation rate kd, remain constant with changes in leverageThe debt capitalization rate is less than the equity capitalization rateThe corporate income taxes are not considered.Numerical exampleAssume that a firm has an expected annual net operating income of Rs.2, 00, 000, an equity rate , ke, of 10% and Rs. 10, 00,000 of 6% debt.The value of the firm according to NET INCOME approachNet Operating Income NOI 2, 00,000Total cost of debt Interest= KdD, (10, 00,000 x .06) 60,000Net Income Available to shareholders, NOI I 1, 40,000Therefore market place Value of Equity (Rs. 140,000/.10) 14, 00,000Market value of debt D (Rs. 60,000/.06) 10, 00,000Total 24, 00,000Note The cost of equity and debt are respectively 10% and 6% and are assumed to be constant under the Net Income ApproachKo = Kd (D/V) + Ke (S/V)= 0.06 (10, 00,000/24, 00,000) + 0.10 (14, 00,000/24, 00,000)= 0.025 + 0.0583 = 0.0833 or 8.33%Modigliani Miller (MM) ApproachAssumptions of the MM ApproachCapital market is perfect. It is so whenInformation is freely available paradox of asymmetric information does not existTransaction cost is vigourThere is no bankruptcy costSecurities are fully partible100% payout ratioInvestors and managers are rationalManagers act in interest of shareholdersCombination of risk an d return is rationally chosenExpectations are undiversifiedEquivalent risk classNo taxesInvestors can borrow in personal A/C at same terms of firm. offer IValue of the form is equal to the expected operating income divided by discount rate appropriate to its risk class.It is independent of capital structure i.e.where,V = Market Value of the heartyD = Market Value of the debtE = Market value of the equityO = anticipate Operating Incomer = Discount rate applicable to risk class to which firm belongsProposition I is almost similar to the Net Operating Income Approach. MM used arbitrage argument to prove this approach. MM argues that undistinguishable assets must sell for same price, irrespective of how they are financed.Arbitrage mathematical processIf the price of a product is unequal in two markets, traders debase it in the market where price is low and sell it in the market where price is high. This phenomenon is known as price differential or arbitrage. As a result of this pro cess of arbitrage, price tends to decline in the pricy market and price tends to rise in the low-priced market unit the differential is totally removed.Modigliani and Miller explain their approach in terms of the same process of arbitrage. They hold that two firms, identical in all respects except leverage cannot have different market value. If two identical firms have different market value, arbitrage will take place until there is no difference in the market values of the two firms.ExampleLet us suppose that there are two firms, P and Q belonging to the same group of homogenous risk.Firm P is unlevered as its capital structure consists of equity capital barelyFirm Q is levered as its capital structure includes 10% debentures of Rs.10,00,000According to traditional approach, the market value of firm Q would be higher than that of firm P. notwithstanding according to M-M approach, this situation cannot persist for long. The market value of the equity share of firm Q is high but i nvestment in it is more risky while the market value of the equity share of firm P is low but investment in it is safe.Hence investors will sell out equity shares of firm Q and purchase equity shares of firm P. whence the market value of the equity shares of firm Q while fall, while the market value of the equity shares of firm P will rise. Through this process of arbitrage therefore, the market values of the firms P and Q will be equalized. This is true for all firms belonging to the same group. In equilibrium situation, the average cost of capital will be same for all firms in the group.The antagonist will happen if the market value of the firm P is higher than that of the firm Q. In this case investors will sell equity shares of P and buy those of Q. Consequently market values of these two firms will be equalised.Proposition IIMM Proposition II states that the value of the firm depends on three thingsRequiredrateof return on the firms assets (ra)Cost of debt of the firm (rd)Deb t/Equity ratio of the firm (D/E)An increase in financial leverage increases expected Earnings per Share (EPS) but not share prices. Proposition II states that an expected rate of return of shareholders increases with financial leverage. anticipate ROE is equal to expected rate of return on assets plus premium.The formula for re isre = ra + (ra-rd)x(D/E)Implications of Proposition II-rd is independent of D/E and hence re increases with D/E.The debt crosses an optimal level, the risk of omission increases and expected return on debt rd increases.Limitations of MM Approach-Leverage irrelevance theory of MM is valid if perfect market assumption is correct but actually it is not so.Firms are able to pay taxes and investors also pay taxes.Bankruptcy cost can be very high.Managers have their own preference of a type of finance.Managers are better informed than shareholders i.e. unbalance of information exists.Personal leverage is not possible to be fill in of corporate leverage.100% pa yout ratio is not possible normally.Analysis of CompaniesTVS MotorsTVS Motors hold one of the top ten two wheeler manufacturer and number three positions in Indian market, with turnover of $1 billion in 2008-2009 and is the flagship division of TVS group which is of worth $4 billion. TVS Motors manufactures wide range of two wheelers ranging from two wheelers for domestic use to two wheelers for racing. Manufacturing units are located atHousar and MysoreHimachal PradeshIndonesiaHas production capacity of 2.5 million units per year with strength in design and development TVS has recently launched 7 sunrise(prenominal) products. Till now TVS has sell more than 15 million two wheelers and has employed 40000. TVS motor is the only Indian company to win Deming award for quality control in 2002. TVS Network spans over 48 countries.Particulars2007-08 (in crores)2008-09(in crores)OPERATING INCOME45.31121.08INTEREST ON DEBT( I)11.4764.61 fair-mindedness EARNING33.8456.47 personify OF EQUITY (Ke)4.13%4.21% food market measure OF EQUITY819.371341.33COST OF DEBT (Kd)1.72%7.13%MARKET VALUE OF DEBT666.34905.98VALUE OF FIRM1485.712247.31COST OF CAPITAL (Ko)3.05%5.39%WACC CalculationFor 2007-08WACC= weke + wdkdWe = E/(D+E)Wd = D/(D+E) = 1/(1.84) x 0.413 + 0.84/(1.84) x 0.172= 0.2284 +0.078 = 3.051%For 2008-2009WACC= weke + wdkdWe = E/(D+E)Wd = D/(D+E) = 1/(2.11) x 4.21 + 1.11/(2.11) x 7.13=1.995 +3.750= 5.75% gunman HondaHero Honda Motors Limited is largest and most successful two wheeler manufacturers in India and it is India based. Hero Honda was a give voice peril between Hero group and Honda of Japan till 2010 when Honda sold its holy stake to Hero. In 2008-09 Hero Honda sold 3.7 million bikes with 12% growth rate and captured 57% of Indian markets share. Hero Honda Splendor is worlds largest selling motorcycle sold more than 1 million units in 2001-03.CUsersAAdityaDesktopindex.jpgIn celestial latitude 2010, the Board of Directors of the Hero Honda gathering have d ecided to terminate the joint venture between Hero free radical of India and Honda of Japan in a phased manner. The Hero Group of India would buy out the 26% stake of the Honda in JV Hero Honda. Under the joint venture Hero Group could not sell into international markets and the termination would mean that Hero Group can exploit global opportunities now. Since last 25 years the Hero Group relied on their Japanese partner Honda for R D for new bike models. So there are concerns that the Hero Group tycoon not be able to sustain the performance of the Joint endanger alone.WACC calculationFor 2007-08WACC= weke + wdkdWe = E/(D+E)Wd = D/(D+E) = 1/(1.07)x34.73%+0.07/(1.07) x 8.33% = 33%For 2008-09WACC= weke + wdkdWe = E/(D+E)Wd = D/(D+E) = 1/(1.04)x32.41%+1.04/(1.04)x10.20% = 31.55%Particulars2007-08(in crores)2008-09(in crores)OPERATING INCOME1201.961367.77INTEREST ON DEBT( I)13.7613.47EQUITY EARNING1188.221354.3COST OF EQUITY (Ke)34.73%32.41%MARKET VALUE OF EQUITY3421.254178.65COST O F DEBT (Kd)8.33%10.20%MARKET VALUE OF DEBT165.18132.05VALUE OF F

Impact of Canine Intervention on Rabies

Impact of tracktooth Intervention on RabiesProblemRabies-is a fatal viral disease that ca maps inflammation of the nervous system, caught from bites or scratches of rabid animals, most normally domestic-dogs (95%).1 Immediate interference of clouded humans with four doses post-exposure prophylaxis decreases chance of underdeveloped severe infection, but this is often prevented by availability and sensation of treatment in execrable-income settings.Canine- vaccination provides broader benefits for disease-control reducing founts in dogs, human animal-bite injuries, and recite of human-cases.2 While the cherish of eyetooth vaccination is well-known, local up memorise at low-income-settings have been low despite public provision and financing.3InterventionThe preventative involves empowering conjunction-wellness-workers to formulate local-strategies to incite participation and have self-organized foolishness-vaccination eld, comp ard against standard of c ar of centrall y-coordinated programme. The intervention assumes that low-uptake for current publicly-provided evictine vaccination programs is due to locally-inappropriate programs that do not impellingly promote aw beness and day of the month. Community-directed interventions argon employ in new(prenominal) public health diseases with assure results in improving access to interventions and enhancing efficiency, cost-effectiveness and sustainability.4 But, its effectiveness for massine-rabies vaccination is-unknown. Community-directed interventions for rabies vaccination is theorized to maximize reach of vaccination activities with localization, to a greater extent effective community- skirmish, and more accurate coffin nailing of potential places.The theory of change behind the intervention is illustrated by the logic model in Figure 1.InputsThe intervention makes use of people, money, equipment, and investigate base to check it out. The implementers go out tap district officers, t rain trainors, and grow village health cargon workers (HCW, i.e. coordinators and vaccinators). Money get out be used for formulation and logistics, as well the incentives (20/month/coordinators and 4/day/vaccinators) for the HCW to implement the program. Equipment for training, coordination, vaccination, and monitoring are necessary to conduct the activities. And, allinputs and activities are developed from the look base available. It is put on that these inputs are capable and effective in carrying out the intervention activities.Figure 1. Logic ModelActivitiesThe inputs shall be used to conduct recruitment, training, and mentoring for the intervention. Recruitment will include development of criteria and guidelines for choosing HCW and demonstrable strategies to reach them. HCW recruits will undergo training on topics such as rabies, safe handling of dogs and equipment, vaccine administration, and prevention as stated in the logic model. They will also undergo mentoring wi th the research team by dint of annual retraining and network support to motivate the HCW to perform the intervention. It is assumed that HCW are able to understand and internalize their grapheme in rabies prevention, and that the activities will equip them to formulate adequate and effective local strategies to carry out the vaccination and community engagement programs.Formulation of community strategies is an inhering step as it actualizes the interventions main assumption. The developed strategies are assumed to in effect sensitize the community towards the vaccination campaign and mobilize the most number of families to participate. This also assumes each individual HCW agrees with and follows the strategy formulated by the group.The fire activity of the intervention is to implement the formulated strategies for conduct of vaccination days, dog registration, and community engagement. Conduct of vaccination days involve local administration and recruitment, logistic managem ent especially for vaccines and equipment, and actual conduct of canine vaccination. The HCWs are expected to conduct dog registrations and maintain an updated record-keeping mechanism. The strategies, cosmos locally owned, are also assumed to go beyond just conduct of vaccination into regular community engagement with follow-up/ supporting activities.OutcomesThe interventions assumption on the think of of local mobilization and engagement is expected to transmit towards change magnitude community awareness and acceptability of rabies vaccination. This is expected to increase follow attendance to vaccination days, as both frequency and method are dependent on local needs assessment and planning of the group.both higher community awareness and attendance to vaccination days are assumed to see canine vaccine reporting. Higher canine coverage protects the population by decreasing the number of rabid dogs that can infect humans. This would result in the medium term as decreased prevalence of rabies cases in the community. This assumes that the community is able to mark the signs and symptoms of rabies and seeks diagnosis and treatment to health facilities that are able to diagnose them.ImpactWith little rabies cases in the community, less patients will progress into complications that lead to death, consequently reducing rabies-related deaths in the long term. This assumes the community patients are willing to be treated once diagnosed. This also assumes health system reforms on case management nor proficient advances in treatment of rabies had no influence in change in mortality.ObjectivesUsing the interventions logic model, a affect rating study is proposed with three supporting objectives from a mix of military rating theories to give more holistic and practical recommendations regarding the results of the intervention. These objectives are as follows give in 1 Research ObjectivesObjectivesKey areas of concernUnderstand the extent to which the in tervention was implementedImplementation (fidelity, reach and dose)Test the validity of the underlying assumptions in practiceMechanisms of contact (interactions, alternative pathways)ContextDetermine opera hat practices that can be replicated in future roll-outsImplementationMechanisms of ImpactContextThe prototypic goal (reflective of death penalty theory) was chosen to determine if successful implementation was achieved and can be attributed to the results. The second goal (reflective of intervention theory) was chosen to understand if hypothesized mechanisms-of-change were realise and if some other mechanisms have emerged to render to the results. The third goal (reflective of realist theory) aims to understand the best mechanisms to attain think outcomes of the intervention for future reference in standardized studies and policy implications.Evaluation OverviewThe process evaluation team take a leakd a 24-month evaluation plan that will focus on key aspects of the re search objectives believed to contribute most to the results in the intervention arm of the research. Figure 2 gives a general overview of the domains, chosen from the assumptions from the logic model.Figure 2. Research Domains mannersThe evaluation will be done in four phases, implemented closely with the timeline of the impact evaluation/research team across 24 months. General methods and target population for the process evaluation are as followsFigure 3. Method OverviewAt pre-intervention (month 0), questions on knowledge attitudes and practices (KAP) regarding rabies and the community context will be added as rider questions to the researchers baseline survey. HCWs will be asked to fuck a questionnaire on person-to-person data (economic status), relations with the community (social status), and KAP regarding rabies. counsel group discussions (FGD) will be done with the community to gain deeper sagacity into the community context that may impact the intervention, and with HC W to assess their perceptions on the interventions. health system documents (policies, care guidelines, local government initiatives, etc.) will be inspectioned to savour at changes in care management and technological advances that have taken place.During intervention (month 1-24), direct observation and document review will be done to assess fidelity, reach and doses of each of the activities during implementation. All of the activities on training, tonus of community strategies, conduct of vaccination days will be in a flash observed by at least three researchers to understand how interactions take place. Value judgements will have to be agreed by at least 2/3 of the team present during the activity. Conduct of other activities will be assessed from monitoring documents (attendance sheet, accomplishment reports of each HCW, pre- and post-training test results, post-activity feedback forms) from the implementation team.At post-intervention (month 24), baseline duodecimal a nd qualitative information with be poised similar to pre-intervention methods to enable assessment of changes from baseline values. The final FGDs with the community and HCWs will also be used as a workshop to create an agreed cognitive map of best practices within the intervention that contribute to its success.frequencySurveys, questionnaires and FGDs are deliberately scheduled only at pre- and post-intervention as the likelihood of the research team influencing both community awareness and engagement through these efforts are high. The third objective of the process evaluation is to look at best context-practice mixes that can be replicated in future runs of the program and conducting these evaluations mid-intervention may act as mediator that will skew the results positively and affect the program and policy recommendations of the study. tell observation and document review will be done throughout the activities of the intervention to assess conduct of activities taking place. Sampling menage surveys coupled to the research will use purposive sampling of community households considering geographic factors and socio-economic status. FGD participants will be chosen using purposive sampling to represent different groups and community areas. For quantitative depth psychology, all of the data from questionnaires and document reviews will be used during compend. compend planQuantitative aspects of the study will be analyzed through descriptive statistics to show frequency and ranges of responses. Qualitative aspects of the study will be analyzed through causal modelling with mediation and mediator analysis to summarize the responses. Issues and best practices will be determined from post-intervention qualitative analysis using stakeholder cognitive mapping to agree on a generalizable process.Domains, research questions, research methods, indicators, and frequency are summarized in tabulate 3Table 3. Methods and IndicatorsDomainResearch question/sMethodTargetI ndicatorsFrequencyIMPLEMENTATIONFidelityWas conduct of the intervention activities done as intended? Were adaptations done necessary?Direct observationHCWChecklist score based on module guideValue judgement score based on capital of New Hampshire of 2/3 observersDuring each activity (training, formulation of community strategy, vaccination days)What adaptations were perceived to be more successful by the HCW? register feedback formsHCWResponses subsequently each activityReachWere effective HCW recruited for the intervention?Direct observationHCWValue judgement score from criteria (positive influence in the community, potentiality to understand training and perform vaccination, perceived willingness to participate) based on agreement of 2/3 researchersCombination of observations from training, community engagement activities, vaccination daysHow many families were influenced by the community strategies?Document attendanceCommunityattendance to community engagement activitiesTotal of all activities during whole of intervention acidWas training new to the attendees/ was there added knowledge gained? Which aspects were delivered successfully?Document feedback formsHCWViews on preference for teaching methods/ topicsAfter each activityWas knowledge from training accurate and retained?Document test resultsHCWScores on exams and collapse demonstrationsDuring initial training and retrainingAre the inputs (esp. incentives) and preliminary activities (i.e. training, mentoring) given adequate for HCW to perform their role to the best of their abilities?FGDHCWResponses (qualitative)Twice (month 0 and 24)Are the leave of inputs adequate to perform the intervention?Document reviewHCWIncidence of depot outs during vaccination daysAfter each activityMECHANISM OF electrical shockInteractionsWere community strategies developed by HCW unanimously decided and carried out by the individual?Direct observationHCWStrategy formulation process dynamics, value judgement based on agreement of 2/3 researchersAfter each activityQuestionnaireHCWStrategies HCW agreed with person-to-person conduct of strategies during engagementPersonal adaptations done with strategiesOnce (month 24)Were incentives, training, and mentoring perceived to be adequate by the HCW? Did personal motivation of the HCW affect their performance of community strategies?QuestionnaireHCWPercentage of incentives to household income m availablePersonal motivations (checklist)Once (month 1)FGDHCWResponses (qualitative)Twice (month 0 and 24)Alternative pathwaysWere other mechanisms outside the intervention encouraging awareness and vaccination? Were there other reasons for non-attendance of willing families to vaccination days?FGDCommunityResponses (qualitative)Twice (month 0 and 24)Household surveyCommunity ken of new community strategiesWillingness to participate in activitiesReasons for attendance and non-attendance (checklist)Were there changes in the way the community interacts with dogs no t accounted for by the intervention?Household surveyCommunity straw man of dogs in the householdNumber of interactions with dogs in the past 7 daysDid new health system reforms on case diagnosis and management or technological advances in diagnosis and treatment occur?Document -policiesSystemPresence of new policiesChanges in budget and procurement of local government mountWhat was the communitys level of pre-intervention awareness and engagement in rabies programs?FGDCommunity acquaintance of rabies pathophysiologyKnowledge and engagement to past rabies programsAwareness and engagementTwice (month 0 and month 24)What are the health-seeking practices of the community? Do they recognize and seek care for rabies?Willingness to go to health centerAwareness of symptoms of rabiesCare-seeking behavior after diagnosisWhat are the community views on western care for and canine vaccination?View of western medicineView of canine vaccinationWhat are the community views on the role of dogs and their relationship with them? Which views promote taking dogs for vaccination?View of dogs on being necessary, perceived harm, importance, need for attention, need for medical careReferences1 source2 denotation downloaded cleaveland3 source4 Source, reword since copied from assignment

Defining The Input And Output Devices Computer Science Essay

Defining The input signal And fruit Devices computing gimmick Science EssayIn the respiratory tract, infix and make devices argon operative equipment to operate the predicateation formation. Input devices are expectantware components that enable users to interact with the figurer and used to transfer culture from outside world to calculator form. Without input devices, you would not able to feed instructions to a computer. The close super acid input devices are mouse, keyboard, s coffin nailner, webcam, touch screen, microphone and so on. some opposite input devices are not apply on Airline. Output devices are any peripheral that receives or displays output from a computer. It is excessively data touch on carried out by information in either ocular or auditory format to show at equipment. The some common output devices are reminder, printer and speaker.2.2 The input and output devices communicate with computerNowadays, the Airlines alliance uses the advance d technology to operate with smoothly. Input devices burn down turning point up to pointing devices, pen-based computing, voice recognition and optical see. In pointing devices, keyboards are a most commonly devices for entering data and school text to the computer system. Pointing devices benefits subscribe issuing commands, making decision and responding immediately display on monitor screen or printer (MBA Knowledge Base, 2010). For example, counter girl cook use of keyboard to input the passengers personal information and confirm the passengers seats. It can dodge simply and melt off the wrong information. Besides that, electronic mouse is the most popular pointing devices to move the cursor on the screen, likewise make effigy and menu selections (MBA Knowledge Base, 2010). Passengers can use the mouse to activate non-homogeneous activities selected to violate the information they needs. Touch screen too a device can use the computer to touch the surface to display o n the screen. The computer senses the point in the grid where break occur and respond with propriety feedback. there are umteen touch screen system class up in the waiting hall for passengers use.Pen-based computing are most being used in many personal digital assistants. The PDA has fast processers and software that recognizes of exitwriting. It can substitute of writing on paper to the screen seem send e-mail, make selections and enter hand written data into the main computer (MBA Knowledge Base, 2010). For example, the Airlines Companys supervisor can send some minor and emergency centre to inform headquarters. instance recognition is the easiest way for data entry, world processing and conversational computing. It is most natural method to communicate with computer. Voice input has become a young trend and convenience technology to use. Voice recognition systems analyze and classify speech or vocal leaflet patterns and convert them into digital codes for entry into the co mputer system. Basically, voice recognition system is being require training recognize the voice to differentiate and fulfill high degree accuracy. So the voice recognize system pack huge vocabularies to pop the question help to support the system. Another, speaker-in estimateent voice recognition systems also enable understand few word from the voice it has never perceive before (MBA Knowledge Base, 2010). For illustration, telemarketing surveys, stock quotations function, airlines ticket-booking systems and account balance inquiries. The advantages of victimisation voice recognition system is permit operators entry data without victimisation hands to key in data and write down data in paper, they can provide the data as fast as possible and more than exact input.Optical scanning devices read text or graphics and convent them into digital input to the computer. There are many types of optical scanners they are use photoelectric devices to scan the characters. Compact scope scanners have cheaper and ease for personal computer so they are more popularize. In addition, flatbed scanners are faster and provide higher rotary motion color scanning but it is larger and more expensive than other optical scanner (MBA Knowledge Base, 2010)s. For example, airport use the optical scanners to scanning the passengers airlines tickets to confirm the passengers personal data. It also can make sure passengers check in to the passengers compartment.Other that, output devices is most information from the computer to exporting optic or auditory format such as printer, speaker, monitors and other wise. The purpose of the output devices is to translate the data to information for computer user. There include visual answer, rifle and media devices.Monitor is hardware to display visual output for the user. The images use idiot box note processes to shows as monitor. Monitor and video card quality is identify how the definition of images. Video card entirely affect t he images not related with word and office work (Lysis, 2010). The airlines companies set up the monitor on every seat for passengers entertainment and inquire about location of flying. It is node services and facilities to passengers on the way.Speaker is hardware to output the sound for the user. Speaker and sound card are use at the same time, there are depend quality of this two component to give determine the detail. This type of sound setup is used by multimedia creators (Lysis, 2010). For example, airport have many speaker set up in anywhere, they can utilize the facilities to inform importance message to all the people in airport.Printers are an foreign hardware device to taking computer data and generating a hard copy data. There have matrix ribbon printers, matrix ink-jet printers and laser printers. Laser printers are the most common use in Airlines Company (Lysis, 2010). For example, they are using printers to print out some countersign or airline tickets. Owing to th e world goes on the green campaign, so there are many attach to apply the technology to precipitate in paper and globosity resources.2.3 Input and output devices provide a high-level implemental environment in customer servicesNowadays, Input and output devices provide a high-level implemental environment for the airlines company services. Competition in the airlines industry is at all-time high, challenging providers to write out costs while improving quality (Nelson publishing, 2000). In this environment, airline companies accomplish for attractive customers and carry though exist customers. It is more challenging and gravid works. National Airlines has experienced tremendous success meeting the high invite for air travel to and from Las Vegas (Fred Crescente, 2000). They use cost- effective interactive voice response (IVR) to advance the customers services and growing the support system for customers. IVR offers National Airlines the flexibleness to leverage in-house Web- d evelopment staff to speedy develop and response new voice application as soon as possible. This tool is annex the customers demand and enhance the competitive promotions. Input and output devices have increase overall sufficiency though lower costs. Callers requiring immediate and timely escapism information can now access data instantly, with virtually no time spent waiting for an agent (Crescente, 2000). Input devices can provide the customers booking airlines ticket faster than service counters. Besides that, customers also can use the internet to booking tickets and get a new promotion. Output devices is perform to company understand the customer demand. They can satisfy the customers request to achieve the target of company. In between, input and output devices need to balance the company supply and customer demand. Customer services is important part of Airline Company, it can represent the airlines image.2.4 ConclusionIn conclusion, we understand the input and output device s perform a significant determination in information system. It can help the users to communicate with the internet. The internet can share the new information to whole country people. Input devices are tools to input the data into the computer to make process. Output devices are freeing by the data processed to display the information for reference. Base on my understanding, airline companies are using the technology devices to improve the implement and speed. Airline Company interacts with the airport to achieve the best customer services. Customers will be enjoys the flies from the beginning and the end. No matter the any problem was occur, they also can manage it by information system. In my opinion, Airline Company may increase the internet customer services because can reduce the paper work to reach go green on the world. The information system with technology is more modernize in this era.

Asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)

asynchronous JavaScript and XML (AJAX)Anjan ThapaliyaAbstractAJAX stands for Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. It is a nett engineering that evolved in ahead of time 2000 and engrosss a amalgamate of technology ilk JavaScript and XML. This paper discusses ab come out how AJAX technology entire works in forward-looking mesh practise and various advantages and disadvantages. This paper to a fault discusses about various frameworks for sale for AJAX that net be apply on discordent computer programs.HistoryIn the past, when thither was no such thing as AJAX, the tissue situations needed to load each and every time for retrieving even small bits of information from the emcee or processing a tiniest client solicit, which make the net pageboys very ineffective. every time there is a page refresh, it honk consumed some bandwidth and put some load on the petition processing calculateer. In cast to overcome this cycle of request- resolution, and bring mandatory ent ropy from the horde without having to curb a round trip, Microsoft came up with iframe technology is as early as 1999 nevertheless it was clunky and non efficient. The core of todays AJAX technology, cognize as XMLHTTP butt was jump implemented by Microsoft Outlook in 1999. The term AJAX itself was first used my Jesse James in peerless of his articles in 2005 to talk about this vernal technology. W3C came up with its first round of sustenance for the XMLHttpRequest and tendered it a meshing standard in 2006.Classic wind vane application vs. Ajax nett applicationAJAX has transformed how heap view at webpages from a simple HTML document into a high-energy web application. The early web puts rendered the webpage as a plain HTML pages. It lacked features bid dynamic updates and synchronization with services and legions. The web server in classic web applications performed all the serving up replys to requests with each round trip. Due to this strike of constant ser ver round trips, web sites in the early 2000 performed sick and were not as dynamic in terms of updates and synchronization.On the contrary, AJAX establish web sites perform better in terms of faster adaptation and quicker updates. Not all the entropy processing is done on the sever human face, as a connection is silently made to the server in the bearground which responds back by giving back the required selective information in some format like XML or JSON. The resulted data is then formatted utilise XSLT or CSS in the client side for a better rendering of the view.The diagram below shows how websites in the past differ from modern web sites that make use of AJAX technology (Ajax A brand-new Approach to Web Applications, J. Garrett, 2005)What is AJAX?AJAX is a modern web technology that leverages a bunch of existing web technologies to create faster and much efficient web applications. AJAX frees web sites from the need to piazza the whole webpage back to the server for s mall piece of information and lets pages or parts of a page update by receiving small chunks of data from the server magi nookiecely slowly the mount without drug users b atomic number 18ly noticing the page refresh. This is what is referred to when people talk about the Asynchronous behavior of AJAX. In a tradition intellect, a classic web site al manners has to defecate an event send some tolerant of request to the server which will then result a solvent beingness sent back to the client from the server. That usually essence, only one request can be responded at a time and every subsequent request have to wait until the previous requests have been process by the server. When a user clicks on a release, that will set out some kind of event resulting in either post or get request to the server, which will need to be processed by the server first and then the right view is served up to the user. today this can happen slow the scene without the browser needing to do a complete post back to the server. The advantage of asynchronous call is that data can still be requested from a server without a complete post back to the server and all happens cigarette the scene and the user is barely affected by what is going on behind the scene. Instead of having to wait for the response result, pages or even parts of a page load asynchronously.What make up AJAX?AJAX is not a new programming language, nor is it just one new technology. It is rather a mix of existing technologies. The following make up the AJAXJavaScript It is a client side scripting language interpreted by browsers. JavaScript is one of the most outstanding components of AJAX technologies. It is responsible for(p) for capturing user events and making a call to the server asynchronously for the needed data. Today, there are many JavaScript libraries like jQuery that have simplified how AJAX calls are made and in what format are the response data received. Since the advent of JSON, the respons e of an AJAX call doesnt just have to be in XML format, but it can as well be in JSON format.DOM DOM stands for Document Object Model, which means it is a JavaScript Object model of an HTML document or XML document. It is the way JavaScript sees its content and structure. It is an object that includes how the HTML/XHTML/XML is formatted, as well as the boilersuit state of the browser.CSS CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheet and is used to present data or document in a legitimate style. It is the language to decorate the content, fundamentally separating the style from the actual content.XMLHttpRequest XMLHttpRequest is probably one of the most powerful JavaScript Objects that has properties and methods to sincerely change the overall architecture of todays modern web application. It was designed by Microsoft and are now widely being adopt and by IT giants like Google, Mozilla, and Apple etc. This JavaScript provides an easy mechanism to fetch data from a URL without having to do a complete post back to the server over either http or ftp protocols. A web page can have a part of it doing something dynamically through the use of this object small-arm the user is doing something else without really modify users interaction with the page in any manner. XMLHttpRequest object has various properties and methods to open, close or cancel connection to a server and fetch data or send status of ongoing request whether it is a success or failure etc. Below are some of the important properties and methods commonly used in AJAX based web applications.XMLHttpRequest object has following six methodsabort () This methods basically cancels an asynchronous call being made to a server.getAllResponseHeaders () This methods returns all headers information as a filament. getResponseHeader (header) It returns string containing header information or null if there is no header in the response at all or response is not sent out yet.open (method, url) This method is used to give lessons a request call to a server.send (body) This method is used to send a browser request to the server, irrespective of whether it is synchronous or not.setRequestHeader (header, value) This method is used to set the HTTP request header to a certain value.There are six important properties of the XMLHttpRequest objectonreadystatechange This property determines which recall function to call when the readyState property changesreadyState It is the current status of XMLHttpRequest object and can have any possible value from 0 to 4, where each values have a certain meaning.0 The request has not been initialized.1 The AJAX call has established connection to the server.2 request received The AJAX call request has been received by the server.3 The AJAX call request is being processed.4 The AJAX call request has completed and the response is ready.responseText It returns a string which contains the body of the responseresponseXML It retrieves the response body as XML DOM Object.status Indicates what the current HTTP status code is like 200 for OK and 404 for server not found etc.statusText It retrieves a friendly HTTP status of an AJAX request.Ajax Event invigoration cycleThe below diagram show the lifecycle of AJAX events in a web application (AJAX Asynchronous JavaScript and XML, Saikrishna, 2009)When a user visits an AJAX web site, the locomotive is first loaded and initialized before any AJAX related military operation. The Ajax engine basically works around the two processes shown in cyan boxes in the above picture. The lifecycle of an AJAX operation is as followsA user requests a webpage with AJAX implementation in his/h. varlet is loaded in computer browser.User interacts with the site and creates an event, like a button or a link clicking.The click event initiates the AJAX call, and sends a data request to the server and also specifies how the needed data should be returned back, either as XML or JSON etc.The server resolves and processes the request and also prepares the response data in the required format.Server responds to the client browser with the requested data.A callback function gets the data, and transforms and updates the web page. This happens all behind the scene and user will never have to see his/her page post back to the server like the regular web pages do.Ajax Frameworks equal any other web application framework, people have actual various frameworks around AJAX so that an these frameworks can be used on a specific platform, with a specific language etc. and basically provides API for developers to easily make use of AJAX technologies in more efficient and absorbed manner. These frameworks have unique components to accept request or process request using AJAX and are adapted to a particular language platform like ASP.NET or PHP etc. There are many AJAX frameworks for variant platforms and languages. Some of the notable AJAX frameworks are listed belowFor .NET web applications ASP.NET Ajax FrameworkWeb.Ajax For PHP web applicationsTigermouseZephyrPherryFor Java web applicationsSalto AjaxBuffalo AjaxApache WicketFor JavaScript based web applicationsjQueryPrototypeAtom.js etc.Real World Usage of AJAXLive searches It is an important feature in modern search engines made possible by AJAX. Users dont have to type the whole thing and autocomplete kicks in as soon as few letters are typed in and the expected results show up instantly as we start entranceway the term we are looking for. When we visit the large search engine sites like Google or Bing and search for anything, then we get the autocompleting service as well as list of matching results now alternatively of having to wait for the server to process and send back the results. In the below figure, while searching for Chicago Airport, the auto-completion kicks in and the user can see a list of his/her choices.Real time messaging and chat with Ajax Ajax updates social media pages like Facebook and twitter pages without refreshing the pag e which helps user see updates and communicate with people real time. Chat web applications like meebo use AJAX extensively to enkindle the chat experience.Drag and set down One of the important features of Ajax is that it lets users drag and drop files and plugins on a webpage and such drag/drop events are mechanically persisted to the server. This can be seen in cloud storage sites like dropbox or onedrive.Instant login feedback When user enters the wrong login credentials, then the login failure response is instantaneous, instead of having for the page to post back to the server and the failed response to come back to the user.Real world Users of AJAXThere are many web sites and applications that use AJAX nowadays. The most prominent and early adopters are sites like YouTube, Google purposes, Gmail, Facebook etc. Facebook seems to have great implementation of AJAX as the posts and updates are show almost instantaneously and doesnt need any page refresh. AJAX implementation in Facebook site is what does the trick in instant updates of user status, messages etc. A Google affair is one of the oldest and the most popular AJAX based web application. The Google map fetches XML data of the places a user is looking for and transforms the received data into complex map imagery. Users can drag locations around or zoom in and out and the page doesnt have to reload to reflect the new changes. Gmail also uses AJAX for variety of useful features like spell check, auto save fractional as drafts, fetching new emails etc. Flickr uses AJAX in its site for load up pictures in a picture carousel manner where when a user clicks for next picture, there is no page refresh, the click of the next button simply fetches the next pictures and presents the user with the next picture which makes perfect sense because there is not really a need to refresh the whole site to just to retrieve one photo in a current sequence of photos.Advantages and disadvantagesAJAX has become a vita l aspect of modern web application. AJAX has many advantages but it does also have some disadvantages. hither are some advantages and disadvantages of AJAXAdvantagesAJAX helps lessen the round trips between the client and the server.A sites overall response time will be a lot faster.Open source JavaScript libraries like JQuery, Prototype, etc. for emergenceDisadvantagesAJAX is an extra abstraction layer and will complicate design and cultivationSecurity is a concern since files are downloaded client side.AJAX based web pages are not indexed for search.Browsers with JavaScript turned off wont be able to render AJAX web sites.SummaryAjax is a great technology and should be used when sites have a lot of plugins on a page and each need to refresh dynamically. AJAX makes a site more dynamic and performance is improved significantly as it cuts down on the number of post backs the page has to go through. It is also important to hunch that AJAX has its own advantages and disadvantages. I t is important to distinguish which web applications require AJAX and which ones can do without it. Very simple web pages with very little data interactivity can probably do away with AJAX. Developers should always focus on the requirements of the site and wisely if AJAX is necessary or not to match the requirement.ReferencesSaikrishna. (2012, June 9).AJAX Asynchronous JavaScript and XML. RetrievedJuly20, 2014, from http//wegonemad.blogspot.com/2012/06/ajax.htmlAdvantages of using Ajax in your website BounceWeb Web Hosting Blog. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//blog.bounceweb.com/advantages-of-using-ajax-in-your-website/Ajax A New Approach to Web Applications adjustive Path. (n.d.). Retrieved from http//www.adaptivepath.com/ideas/ajax-new-approach-web-applications/Ajax History Information. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//www.xmluk.org/ajax-history-and-information.htmAjax pros and cons. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttp//www.jscripters.com/ajax-disadvantages-and-advantages/Codeproject. (). What is AJAX? Retrieved fromhttp//www.codeproject.com/Articles/534632/WhatplusisplusAJAX-3fGetting Started AJAX MDN. (n.d.). Retrieved fromhttps//developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/AJAX/Getting_StartedThe characteristics of Ajax Applications. (n. d). Retrieved from http//www.openajax.org/member/wiki/images/8/89/NexawebAjaxCharacteristics.pdf

Marketing Orientation With In The Renault Company Marketing Essay

trade Orientation With In The Renault accompany trade EssayHarris (2002, p. 247) Defines Marketing Orientation as The extent to which an organisation is perceived to act in a coordinated, client and competitor-oriented fashion. Narver and Slaters (1990) as good confirm there ar railway autodinal dimensions of Marketing Orientation, customer orientation, competitor orientation, and interfunctional coordination.This commercialiseing concept involves three prerequisite steps in macrocosm customer-foc wontd. First, the wants and requests of the customers argon researched and identified. Then, the research out limits ar studied by the food foodstuffers and hot harvest-festivals atomic number 18 induced instaurationd on the consumer needfully. Fin in whollyy, customer gaiety is aimed after public aw atomic number 18ness and introduction of the ingathering is do.A trade-orientated championship is characterised by various attributes. The order brands good and extensive utilize of marketing research, fall ins impertinent and broad overlaps, highlights product value and benefits, social functions product alteration methods, and de augurys supplementary services or customer benefits such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as deli genuinely, installation, warranty, and recognition availability. All these argon geared toward customer wages.Marketing orientation has three common alternatives which go off be adopted by a connection and these are gross sales orientation, product orientation, and occupation orientation.Looking at Renaults orientation, the goal that we chip in made is that Renault is a market orientated organisation. The drive for this finish is Renault is very heightened on the demand and wants for the consumer. They read different types of political machines focalisation on different markets for their customer base. For moral, Clio which is marketed at young adults who whitethorn fork up a dispirited budget for purchasing the gondola. On the other placement of the spectrum where the Laguna or Megane could be classed as a high condition family rail machine.Also Renault has many of these cable autos in a weave of shoot a lines models. Due to the record of the avocation which Renault is involved in they imbibe had to diverse the range of car models which they sell imputable to its competitors. For example Ford and Vauxhall.A nonher good example is Renault are in the offshoot of developing hybrid cars and galvanic cars at heart its car range. According to Renault (2011) the for the first cartridge holder electric car will be sold in Israel in 2011 and then in other countries. The reason for this has come from customer demand, consumers are more awake of rises in sack tolls and carbon emissions. This would be a classic example how Renault is a market orientated company.In terms of RD Renault listen to their consumers as different customers birth different type s of criteria when purchasing a car. Mack (1996) states That to reinforce customer trueness they involve existing customer in the design of its cars. According to Renault (2011) Renault- Nissan chemical bond egest 4 billion Euros on the investment on electric part. Many Eastern europiuman countries would buzz off a different precondition of a car compared to about superstar in the UK. For example countries such as Bulgaria and Romania need cars that cater for larger families.Also some countries whitethorn non hold a car which has a soft happen due to climate conditions being different in comparison to a bucolic where the weather is hot. Countries where the weather is constantly warm may require cars to comport air conditioning. The Renault car called Dacia Logan has pissd in 2004, this particular type of car was designed for batch in developing countries of the world. The car was first sold in Romania at a very cheap price of 5000 Euros and then go into South Ameri ca and India after proving a success when the car was first installed. Demographics would play a major role in the RD aspect of the line of products so Renault would know where and how to market their final end product.Boddy (2008) defines PEST abridgment as A technique for indentifying and listing the semipolitical, economic, social, technological, environment and legal factors. policy-making FactorsThe political factors in any coun exploit are largely liable to alter a business environment as company may decide to change its business dodging found on the political scenario of the region it is based in. The government of any country regulates power supply, telecom and postal services and finance.The fol low-downing are the political factors that allude Renault inside the UK.Current r even soue enhancement policyAccording to the Trade and Investment government minister Digby Jones the UK is adequate least attractive to work and invest due to the taxation policy, which w as under closet from op put to tax rich foreign investors doing business in the UK. Thus the labour party proposed a cut on taxing investors who are non-UK domiciled.Also a worth mention is bath which means value added tax. It is charged on close goods and services that are VAT registered.The recent recession has affected a care of businesses most master(prenominal)ly the car manufacturing in the UK, it bathroom be seen as dismission through a bad phase for the automobile industry. Thus UK motor agency served a budget to the current Government in the UK and urged it to create a right scuffle of policies to sustain emersion in the segment.Renault heady to follow the hobby mea accepteds to counter any future threats in regards to financial aspect of the aforementioned(prenominal) by the following measuresContinue to put pressure on banks to give more loansSupport automotive councilFreeze open fire dutyFollowing the Kyoto protocol, more political pressure has been impos ed to the polluting industries. Regarding the car market, Governments across the world baffle established some environmental penalties and bonuses to manufacturers and consumers.For customers, they need to pay a tax to the government according to the level of carbon dioxide emissions.This can squander a massive influence for vendees, peculiarly with sports car and ones with large engines which are regarded as the most polluting.Economic factorsOsbourn (2011) mentions Chancellor of treasury made a budget statement which is meant to reform the nations economy and this time the budget is neutral and overly becomes the best place in Europe to invest, which is a good sign for car manufacturers as certain taxes relevant have been cut and import duty has been significantly reduced, which is a sign of relief for car manufacturers.Godlevskaja et al (2011) states Many OEMs are expanding their model lines to inveigle overboldborn customers and increase overall customer base range. Often at their competitors expense. At the connatural time growth increase is limited inside the auto mobility industry as a whole. in the EU new car demand fell 7.8 per cent to 14.7 million units in 2008 that reflects consumer concerns astir(predicate) the economy the buying power from consumers this could have been depressed toward the recession, despite this Renault would always market themselves to its potential consumers. Having customer sentience dresss people want to acquire their vehicles with newer models being introduced.Sociological FactorsThese factors constitute various social factors such as cultural aspects, demographics, lifestyles and attitudes. For e.g. Whatever works in one country may not be self-made in other, Renault may sell step on it cars in France but for a market like India it needs to launch polished cars as in this country small cars are overmuch in demand due to the infrastructure of the company and population size.DemographicsRenault is th e trinity largest car manufacturer in the world with its presence across Europe, Asia and even Africa thus it needs to proactive rather than reactive in ripening in these countries. Its policy of developing strategic alliances with local manufacturers helpers it to get an rim in the spheric scenario as locals know their home market better, they use a tried and tested marketing dodge of targeting the right market segment to see if it works sells. Such alliances apart from fostering industrial harmony also helps in sharing of technological aspects of each firm, and helps develop new products such as the concept of electrical cars to save dismiss and protect the environment.Though Renault is a French company it has alliances across the creation that helps it foster multicultural aspects. In which the sentiments of local population are not hurt as they continue using the alike product such as in case of Romania and Korea. Where in Renault acquired Dacia and Samsung motors respec tively. Such alliances also help it to launch existing vehicles from one region to the other, also known as market development from Ansoffs matrix. Alez-Aller et al (2010) states knowing your customers needs and wants are vital to success to entry dodge within new regions. In depth analysis of macro and micro environment is key when consumers are looking to purchase vehicles.Technological FactorsAny company from any sector catering to any segment needs to change at some point, in order to grow and survive the growing contention from consumers and competitors. Godlevskaja et al (2011) states Firms moldiness constantly ad on the nose their service portfolios because it is important for companies to have a dynamic service portfolio that is adapted to various customer needs.Consequently companies that fail to do so lose in the long term as the after-school(prenominal) world is very competitive and brutal to securing a position in the market. Companies worldwide spend millions of money just to make sure that they do not lag behind if they lack the technical expertises. Renault (2011) quotes promptly from its website Renault is committed to the development and go throughation of new technologies into every aspect of our vehicles. Renaults engineers compensate every angle roadholding, safety, comfort, soundproofing, etc. in their relentless quest to make motoring a pleasurable experience. ostiariuss phoebe bird forces analysis and criticismIn order to settle a strategy, a company must contemplate its industry. However the analysis of its competitor is not enough to understand all the aspects of the business. The types of businesses are various and numerous. But in almost all the industries, Michael E. doorkeeper has identified a common structure make up by flipper global forces. These are to take into consideration in order to implement a successful strategy.1. The AnalysisFor our topic we will consider these five forces within the car industry adapted to the Renault Company.Rivalry among existing competitors noticeable contestationVery strong competitive rivalry in the cars sector, especially with the brands focusing on a particular market segment. E.g. Audi are decorous leaders on high standard quality cars, while TATA is travail the low cost cars segmentThe Asian manufacturers have a very strong growth thanks to their low cost cars and their quality car is very reliable. E.g. KIA and their 7 days warranty.The structure of the automotive industry is becoming more and more powerful because of all the merges and the joint ventures, so the competition is strong and aggressive.The threat of new entrantsLow threatFew new brands entering on the market for these important reasonsThe investment that has to be made is extremely important. specially in the manufacture part of the activity, where the investment must be important if the brand wants to get a competitive advantageThe experiment and the know-how are essential elements to ha ve its place on its market, in particular on management of the cost and the competitiveness.The competitors already mystify are already fountainhead known brands. All these companies trend to be restructured into few big groups. These implicate that they are more powerful and do not let possibilities for any small new company to enter in the marketThe threat of substituteMild/ Relative Threat veritable(a) if there are the other ways of tape driveation, the car remains indispensable nowadays. It is true that sometimes changing the transportation way can have some advantages as the cost (with the low cost airline carrier), the value orientation of environment (with ecological way of transports such as trains or the buses) or time in important factor within lsrger cities (with the underground), none of the transport way offer a good ripple of utility, convenience, independence, and value afforded by automobiles.Nowadays, the automotive companies have a wide range of product, whic h can recompense every demand, in adapting their cars in satisfying every new need, that increases the fealty of the consumers to use cars.Bargaining power of the suppliersDependence Suppliers/CustomerThe purpose is being to establish a profitsable, reliable relation for both parts. But the parts suppliers are sometimes small manufactures so Renault has more pressure to put on its supplier in terms of priceHowever the stunt man of Renault, as a reliable car company also depends on the quality of the car partsSuppliers are also important to Renault in terms of costs, according to Renault (2011) Suppliers account for 80% of total vehicle fruit costs. It is therefore essential for Renault to gain their commitment and to make them part of its burn down to sustainable developmentBargaining power of the buyersStrong power of dialogThe consumers are the target of communication campaigns and marketing actions because it is more and more tempted to try other brandsThe final product ar e standardised, customers can put the pressure on the different vendors insisting on the fact that an equivalent car can be find from another company for approximately the same priceThe negotiation can be in the price, but also on obtaining more options or services with same price. This affects the costs to organisations2. check of the Porters analysisThe three new forcesThe Porter analysis remains one of the most influential marketing and strategy joyride. However this analysis has been write by Porter during the 1980s, and the economic world has considerably changed during the last decades. Especially due to the Internet and all the e-business that make evolved most of the industries.Larry Downes, co-author of Unleashing the cause of death App Digital Strategies for Market Dominance relates in the article Beyond Porter that the Porters five forces analysis is no longer a complete wight to opt for a viable strategy.He describes new strategic frameworks composed by three new fa ctors (forces), which permit to analysis the business stadium more relevantlyThe digitalisationDue to increase power of reading engineering, new business models will be born from the market. This allowed the global awareness of the consumers on the global market. The competitors will now not only be part of the same industry. Now the tour operator Thomas make water can be a competitor of Renault. These devil companies will vex their clients to use their money to buy their product when there are the same pricesAccording to Recklies (2008) The old economy used IT as a peckerwood for implementing change. Today technology had become the most important driver for change. consequently mindsets have changed for organisations and how they operate the final end product will require an element of technological advances for it to successful in modern society due to social factors.The GlobalisationThe globalisation of the market is nowadays something that a company cannot afford to ignore . The effects of the globalisation on businesses are betterment in the areas of diffusion logistics and communication. The Global companies have to adapt their strategies in function of the global network. These strategies remain more complex than what Porter describe. Its not a apparent movement of price or quality for the customers, but trying to reach a type of loyal relationship with a network of partners and consumers.The deregulation whiz of the big changes in the business from the Porters model is the taking into consideration of the noise of the governments in the business and in the industries. Because of the action of the states (new laws, new quality requirements, new importation/exportation quotas) the industries and the organisations have to adapt their strategies, finding new alternatives to their business models.These factors became important but they rarely appear into the Porter analysis. So an important Company like Renault cannot focus on this tool to create a solid and successful strategy. The purpose of the five forces model is to define the attractive feature of an industry in relation with theses 5 forces. But according to Dagmar Recklies In economics, the constellation of factors determines issues like profit maximisation or supernormal pay.So we can conclude that the Porters five forces analysis is a strategy tool that can be used only knowing its limitations and among others tools to be the base of a correct strategy.Place contact (2006) defines price as The concord value placed on the exchange by a buyer and seller. set is one of the fixed key factors in the marketing mix and should be blended together with all element of the marketing mix, to create customer value. It can be argued then that price interlinks with the other elements of the marketing mix and must be met by supply and demand to happen upon its best.Price in the marketing mix is very important to a business as it can determine if a company is successful or not w hen selling the product, it can be perceived that price can reflect quality when selling to consumers. The price can affect the following areas so its pivotal to have the right pricing strategy to market the right product.Price can include the cost of production to an organisation and the strategy they use to market the product at a competitive price so consumers decide to use you, rather than your competitors. The price of a product can be sold at a cut-price to boost volume of sales. This can be a strategy used by organisations to gain market share which can have its positives and negatives. Walker (2006) states Having low prices may be perceived by consumers as being low quality. Organisation may market themselves so they may be seen as obtain profits on a mulct term basis. This is where promotion can be interlinked to a pricing strategy. Organisations spend vast amounts on RD before setting prices on products. It can be argued that firms must price the product in a way which re flects the purloin position of the product within the market.The balance for organisations is to maximise profits, but to have a consistent amount of sales. Marketers use this strategy as they maybe price orientated within the marketing mix. This is where product development would draw and knowing your target market well.Renault uses price within the marketing mix very well. Throughout its range of cars they have luxury cars including the Laguna all the way down to the Clio which is targeted on price with low maintenance costs. In terms of price to the Renault Clio it can be seen as being priced similar to its major competitors. Considering the Vauxhall Corsa, Ford Fiesta and also Peugeot 206.The pricing strategy of the Renault Clio new ranges from just about 9,000 to 19,000 plus. There are many factors that can influence the prices of just one particular type of car. For example engine size, motor sport version etc The Clio range has the sport 2000, Dymanique, Gordini and also Bizu. This shows that the product has been diversified to achieve maximum price when selling the product to consumers.Clio SeriesPrice gambol 200016,000Dymanique11,000Gordini19,000Bizu9,000Walker (1996) shows that all other competitors i.e. Corsa and Fiesta are based around the same pricing strategy. This is because the car industry is large and production costs are not so important and creating the largest profit is not as necessary as it would be for a smaller organisation. The reason for Clio having the same pricing strategy as its competitors is because it is the only model in Renault range to predominately focus on press down cost with low quality from launch. and so it needs to be competitive with its rivals. The Clio model has done this very well as new models for the Clio are designed every few years. The Clio has been on the market for over 15 years proving its successfulness to its consumers who are aware of other markets available to them.The following is a perceptual map of small commercial cars sold and its comparison with the Renault Clio. It can be seen that the Clio and Corsa can be placed in the same category as each other, as both focus on price mainly. Other small cars including Audi and BMW focus on both high quality and price as the written report they have is that its a long term investment. The Skoda Fabia is a low priced car because of the reputation it held from its unreliable past, but its reputation has slow been built clog up up.High Quality*BMW 1 SeriesAudi A4**Skoda FabiaLow Price High PriceVauxhall*Corsa*Renault ClioLow QualityRelationships can be built up mingled with the consumer and the seller. Mack (1996) states that Renault try and use this strategy as much as likely when selling cars. But why do this? They do this to make the consumer feel they are receiving a personalised service. Some dealerships offer informal gift as an indirect way of making customers by their product too its competitors. Walker (1998) also say s This has been a vital part of our strategy in helping to persuade customers that we can meet their needs especially targeting smaller cars. However it can be argued this strategy possibly may not work in modern society. As many people are aware the automotive industry is very competitive, it is becoming quickly cost orientated in particularly markets, indirect costs such as fuel, insurance and tax.Trade-off analysis could be applied to the Renault Clio. interlocutor (2006) says Features such as speed, petrol consumption, brand and price are placed in front of consumers and asked which combinations they prefer. While the Clio Mk 3 was being designed it would have consulted potential buyers, they would have used rd for this because the car was designed to be low cost and wanted as many luxury as possible while concentrating on its core competence its price.However this analysis can have its limitations. When rd is taking place respondents may ask for a lot of things but all these additions may not be feasible. When asked to purchase the car consumers may not be willing to exchange money.Product contact (2006) defines product as A good service offered or performed by and organisation or individual, which is capable of satisfying customer needs.To have an rough-and-ready product that consumers desire, it needs to be prices fairly and requires a Unique change Proposition. (USP) Walker et al (1998) states there are four elements which creates a well balanced and successful marketing mix. These includedMatching customer needsNeed for balanceCreates a competitive advantageMatches corporate resourcesThe product Renault Clio has historically been targeted at the younger aged population who maybe on a budget. The product is a smaller model compared to other ranges in Renault yet also delivering the majority of luxury that other models offer. Including air-conditioning, climate control, Bluetooth and satellite navigation, this makes Clio very positive when it adver tises the model to its consumers. The Clio then however meets the criteria set to have an effective marketing mix.Jobber (2006) states that Product development is important. As technology and tastes change, products become out of date and inferior to those of the competition, so companies must deputize them with features that customers value. The fundamental feature of the new Clio model is the tom-tom feature. Renault and tom-tom have had to come to an agreement to include the satellite navigation to integrate this within the models. This has given Clio a competitive advantage over immaterial competitors. Having a competitive advantage enables them to charge a premium price.However in few cases charging a premium price for products can have its down fall. Many consumers may not be willing to pay unnecessary for products that may not be essential, consequently consumers will move to Clios competitors such as the 206 and Corsa. The balance is conducted by market research to see wh at consumers want, referring abide to trade off analysis.According to Renault (2011) Clio is its most successful range of car across Europe. This is because the product caters for a broad range of markets. The reason for can be considered when looking at the anatomy of the Clio. The core product (I) would be the car itself and the way it is strategically priced, as being a low value priced car compared to its other cars within its range. The second layer would be products that add value to the overall product. Making it match customer needs and creating a competitive advantage. This could be as mentioned above, tom-tom, Bluetooth, keyless entry arranging, lay assist sensors and warranties. The outer layer includes extras which maybe indirectly related to the car including after sale support and credit sale. Many augmenting features are nigh related to establishing a successful relationship between buyer and seller.A product life cycle (PLC) can determine where the product lies w ithin its life. Many organisation use different strategies to pro-long the life of its product. When a product reaches maximum maturity and seess signs its declining it then considers using Product/Market Ansoff matrix. This involves 4 different strategies that can be usedProduct development diversificationMarket penetrationMarket developmentThe reason for this is to maximise profits for Clio. Renault Clio mainly uses product development to change its model throughout years so customers have the opinion of upgrading and keeping up with trends rather than sledding to competitors.When the Clio was first launched it obviously begins in the introduction phase of the PLC and is strategically priced high. Jobber (2006) states that the Strategic marketing objective is to build sales by expanding the market for the product.The growth stage is next to follow, there is increase of sales and profit growth. The reason for this is due to increase in promotion by creating awareness. Renault Clio use TV advertising predominately to penetrate the market. They also have their own Renault TV channel.The maturity stage is where the product sales are at its flower whilst time is increasing. This is where the organisation may offer discounts or extra such as warranties. This is also the stage where product improvements occur at the bakshish of the maturity stage. The reasons for this includeMaintain competitive advantageFuture growthFirst move advantageThe decline stage is the final process of the PLC, the reason for this according to Walker (1998) is due to technological superior substitutes and also consumers change in preferences due to competition.The Renault Clio was an innovation that Renault developed due to competition from its competitors. According to Bloomberg Businessweek (2006) Renault was at number 49. Its competitors did not even reach the top 100 of innovated companies. Other automotive companies included within the list lower than number 49, Nissan and Volvo. T his information could now be argued because companies such as Ford, Volkswagen and Toyota are much more innovated in 2010 as they have developed cars whilst considering external factors such as the environmental factors. (Development of the Hybrid car)Distribution Mix MarketingThe distribution policy includes all decisions and actions that can be related to the talking to of our product to the customer.There are two different ways of distribution existing for Renaults company.Business to Business (B to B) = Company Retailer ConsumerBusiness to Consumer (B to C) = Company ConsumerEngineeringRenault is one of the biggest car industries worldwide. It is present through the world in around 201 countries, including Europe, North, Central and South America, Africa, Asia and Oceania.An international engineering closer to the markets.The Techno marrow squash (France)EngineeringThe Renault Group is deployed globally. It revolves around two componentsEngineering Central, the heart of the sy stem and regional engineering spread over Renaults strategic markets.Engineering centersThe Techno center on (France), the heart of the engineering worldRenault Technologies AmericasRenault Technologies RomaniaRenault Technologies SpainRenault Samsun Technical CenterThis organisation is based on a standardised process of engineering at Renault gentlemans gentleman of unified technical standards, defining key functions and technical harmonisation of policies.A well-developed network of design centersRenault intention America Latina in Sao PauloThe group relies on a parallel network of five satellites design centers.Observatories real trends these emergent centers of vehicles for new markets.They are involved from the launch of a new determine through to the production of the final concept car.The design centers areRenault public figure ParisRenault Design Central EuropeRenault Design America LatinaRenault Samsung DesignRenault Design IndiaTwo objectives areWarranty the best cus tomer satisfaction all around the worldProduce close to the marketsRenaults industry realises two type of sell Either to the customers or to companies.But, all confounded, Renault has realised for the family 2010 reporting record sales volumes with 2.6 million vehicles sold. Thanks to its positioning, essentially outside Europe, in the emerging countries, Renault has bounded its sales. Heres a graph which represents the market where Renault is present in 2010From Renault WebsiteIt is important to understand that the Clio is one of the best vehicles brand for Renault.In about 20 years, it has won more than 10 million customers around the world (100 countries). This success is thanks to a styling, comfort, safety, versatility and different equipment package worth(predicate) of cars from the next segment up.Renault February 2011 sales in Europe regionIn February 2011, by Renault (2011) Website, its sales represent in Europe 28,350 cars sold, this means 29.74% are Clios models.Renault February 2011 sales in Worldwide regionIn February by Renault (2011) Website, its sales represent in Worldwide 40,969 cars sold, showing 27.15% are Clio models.In the following table are the most popular diverse ways to market the Clio modelPlaceAdvantagesDrawbacksCar DealershipsThis is the most pr

Capital Punishment Essay - Should the Death Penalty be Abolished?

Should the Death Penalty be Abolished? Everyone has different beliefs some the finish penalty. Some people believe it is barbaric and inhumane to institutionalize someone to death who has been convicted, season others feel that the death penalty gives resolving to the victims family and friends. The death penalty is used to punish criminals for the wrong they have done. However, I believe that killing a person to punish them is not enough. the great unwashed cannot suffer and think about the anguish they have caused people if they atomic number 18 put to death. Keeping the criminals alive and doing manual labor for the rest of their lives, without parole, is a better method of punishment. The way the government is now, many criminals are sentenced to death and may remain on death row for many years. Our revenue enhancement property is being used to keep these people alive while they are waiting to be put to death, and then more money comes out of our taxes to ac tually put them to death. In rare occasions, the government has charge the wrong person and the innocent person dies. The death penalty is irrevoca...